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A Real-world Display Inverse Rendering Dataset

Conference: ICCV 2025 arXiv: 2508.14411 Code: https://michaelcsj.github.io/DIR/ Area: Computer Vision / Inverse Rendering Keywords: Inverse Rendering, Display-Camera System, OLAT Illumination, Polarization Imaging, Photometric Stereo

TL;DR

This paper presents the first real-world inverse rendering dataset built upon an LCD display-camera system, comprising stereo polarization images of 16 objects with diverse materials captured under OLAT illumination patterns alongside high-precision geometric ground truth. A simple yet effective display inverse rendering baseline is proposed, outperforming existing inverse rendering methods.

Background & Motivation

  • Background: Inverse rendering aims to recover geometry and reflectance from images. Existing methods rely on different imaging systems — light stages offer high-quality multi-light samples but are costly and bulky; flash photography requires repeated camera movement; displays, by contrast, are programmable, high-resolution, and compact.
  • Unique Advantages of Display-Camera Systems: Each pixel can serve as a programmable point light source; LCD panels emit polarized light, naturally enabling diffuse/specular separation.
  • Key Challenge: Despite their clear advantages, no publicly available real-world dataset exists for display-based systems. All existing inverse rendering datasets are collected using light stages, robotic rigs, or natural illumination, making it impossible to evaluate challenges unique to display systems (near-field lighting, low SNR, limited light-view angle sampling, etc.).
  • Goal: To fill this gap by constructing the system, collecting data, providing benchmarks, and validating methods.

Method

Overall Architecture

The work consists of four components: (1) constructing and calibrating an LCD display plus stereo polarization camera system; (2) capturing polarization images of 16 objects under 144 OLAT illumination conditions; (3) providing geometric ground truth from structured-light scanning; (4) proposing a baseline inverse rendering method and evaluating existing approaches.

Key Designs

  1. Display-Camera Imaging System:

    • Function: Constructs an imaging system consisting of a Samsung Odyssey Ark LCD display and two FLIR polarization RGB cameras.
    • Core Parameters: Maximum display brightness is 600 cd/m²; per-pixel output is only 0.06 mcd. Display pixels are grouped into 144 superpixels (\(16 \times 9\)), each comprising \(240 \times 240\) display pixels.
    • Calibration: (a) Spatially varying backlight \(B_i\) modeling; (b) nonlinear response \(\gamma\) calibration; (c) camera intrinsic and extrinsic calibration; (d) superpixel relative position estimation.
    • Radiance Model: \(L_i = s(P_i + B_i)^\gamma\), where \(s\) is a global scaling factor.

  2. Data Acquisition and Processing:

    • Function: Captures polarization images of 16 objects with diverse materials under OLAT illumination and obtains geometric ground truth.
    • Material Coverage: Resin, ceramic, metallic paint, wood, clay, plastic, bronze, plaster, etc.
    • Polarization Processing: Converts four-angle polarization images into Stokes vectors \(s_0, s_1, s_2\), separating specular reflection \(I_{\text{specular}} = \sqrt{s_1^2 + s_2^2}\) and diffuse reflection \(I_{\text{diffuse}} = s_0 - I_{\text{specular}}\).
    • Geometric Ground Truth: Obtained using an EinScan SP V2 high-precision 3D scanner (accuracy 0.05 mm); scanned meshes are aligned with images via mutual information.

  3. Image Formation Model and Arbitrary Illumination Synthesis:

    • Function: Exploits the linear superposition property of incoherent light transport to support image synthesis under arbitrary display patterns.
    • Core Formula: \(I(\mathcal{P}) = \text{clip}(\sum_{i=1}^{N} I_i \cdot s(P_i + B_i)^\gamma + \epsilon)\)
    • Design Motivation: Researchers can synthesize images under arbitrary illumination patterns and adjust noise levels without re-capturing data.

  4. Baseline Inverse Rendering Method:

    • Function: Proposes a simple and effective baseline for display inverse rendering.
    • Pipeline: (a) Estimate normal maps using analytical RGB photometric stereo; (b) estimate depth maps using RAFT Stereo; (c) iteratively optimize normals and reflectance via differentiable rendering with a Cook-Torrance BRDF basis representation.
    • Key Technique: Models spatially varying BRDFs as weighted sums of basis BRDFs to handle limited light-view angle sampling.
    • Runtime: Optimization completes in only 150 seconds.

Loss & Training

  • Baseline Method: Minimizes RMSE between rendered and input images.
  • Display Calibration: Optimizes global scalar \(s\), spatially varying backlight \(B_i\), and nonlinearity exponent \(\gamma\) to match rendered OLAT images with captured images.

Key Experimental Results

Main Results (Inverse Rendering Evaluation)

Method Illumination PSNR ↑ SSIM ↑ MAE (Normal) ↓
SRSH OLAT 41.28 0.9895 25.25°
DPIR OLAT 34.30 0.9790 41.09°
IIR OLAT 38.20 0.9850 38.38°
Ours OLAT 39.33 0.9821 20.94°
Ours Multiplexed 37.27 0.9766 23.97°

Ablation Study (Photometric Stereo Evaluation — Normal Reconstruction MAE)

Method Type Elephant Owl Cat Pig Mean
Woodham Calibrated 27.02 26.60 21.05 17.02 ~23°
PS-FCN Calibrated 20.26 15.17 10.61 15.80 ~15°
SDM-UniPS Uncalibrated 18.83 14.37 9.70 15.33 ~15°
UniPS Uncalibrated 25.14 17.34 19.69 25.77 ~22°

Key Findings

  • SDM-UniPS achieves the best performance under OLAT illumination; 144 OLAT images provide sufficient information for normal reconstruction.
  • The proposed baseline consistently outperforms existing methods for display inverse rendering, effectively handling near-field lighting and backlight challenges.
  • Using only 2 multiplexed illumination patterns yields reasonable normal reconstruction, though inverse rendering accuracy remains inferior to that achieved with 144 OLAT images.
  • Applying polarization-based diffuse/specular separation improves normal reconstruction accuracy, though the degree of improvement varies across methods.
  • Modeling light attenuation is critical — omitting it causes PSNR to drop from 39.78 to 37.43.

Highlights & Insights

  • Pioneering Contribution: The first real-world inverse rendering dataset targeting display-camera systems, filling an important research gap.
  • Thorough System Calibration: Comprehensive calibration of backlight, nonlinearity, and geometry makes the dataset highly usable.
  • Polarization Separation: Leveraging LCD polarization properties to separate diffuse and specular reflectance provides a unique advantage for downstream research.
  • Light-View Sampling Analysis: Analysis in Rusinkiewicz coordinates reveals that the display system provides sufficient sampling along \(\theta_h\) but limited coverage along \(\theta_d\).
  • Synthesis Capability: Based on the linearity of light transport, the dataset supports image synthesis under arbitrary illumination patterns and noise levels.

Limitations & Future Work

  • Per-pixel display luminance is extremely low (0.06 mcd), necessitating superpixel grouping at the cost of reduced illumination resolution.
  • When superpixels are smaller than \(240 \times 240\) pixels, captured images are too dark to be usable.
  • Light-view angle sampling coverage is limited, particularly along the \(\theta_d\) direction.
  • The current setup supports only single-viewpoint OLAT capture; simultaneous multi-view acquisition is not supported.
  • The number of objects (16) and material diversity can be further expanded.
  • vs. Light Stage Datasets: Light stages provide far-field uniform illumination and denser angular sampling but are expensive and bulky; display systems are compact and low-cost yet face near-field effects.
  • vs. DiLiGenT and Similar Photometric Stereo Datasets: Existing datasets use point light sources and do not address display-specific challenges such as backlight and near-field illumination.
  • vs. DDPS (Differentiable Display Photometric Stereo): DDPS uses 3D-printed objects with limited material diversity; this work captures real objects.

Rating

  • Novelty: ⭐⭐⭐⭐ — First display inverse rendering dataset, filling an important gap.
  • Experimental Thoroughness: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ — Evaluates a broad range of photometric stereo and inverse rendering methods with multi-dimensional ablations.
  • Writing Quality: ⭐⭐⭐⭐ — System construction and dataset description are thorough and detailed.
  • Value: ⭐⭐⭐⭐ — Provides a standardized benchmark for display-based inverse rendering research.